Who Uses Free Trade Agreements?

It is noted that utilization of ASEAN Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) is low by international standards. In order to clarify the reasons for such low utilization, this paper investigates what kinds of Japanese affiliates in ASEAN are more likely to use FTAs in their exporting, by employing unique affiliate-level data. Our findings are as follows. First, the larger the affiliate is, or the more diversified the origins of its procurements, the more likely it is to utilize an FTA scheme in its exporting. Second, affiliates that export actively to countries with higher general tariffs are more likely to use FTAs. Third, there are clear differences in FTA utilization depending affiliates, locations and sectors.

Who Uses FTAs?

It is noted that utilization of AFTA is low by international standards. In order to clarify the reasons for such low utilization, this paper investigates what kinds of Japanese affiliates in ASEAN are more likely to use FTAs in their exporting, by employing unique affiliate-level data. Our findings are as follow. First, the larger the affiliate is, or the more diversified its procurements’ origins are, the more likely it is to utilize an FTA scheme in its exporting. Second, affiliates exporting actively to developing countries are more likely to use FTAs than those exporting to developed countries. Third, there are clear differences in FTA utilization depending on affiliates’ locations and sectors. These results afford a clue to the reasons for the low FTA utilization in East Asia.FTA, Micro data, ASEAN, International trade, Regional economic cooperation, International economic integration

Some practical guidance for the computation of free trade agreement utilization rates

The literature on the use of free trade agreements (FTAs) has recently been growing because it is becoming more important to encourage the use of current FTAs than to increase the number of FTAs. In this paper, we discuss some practical issues in the computation of FTA utilization rates, which provide a useful measure to discover how much FTA schemes are used in trade. For example, compared with the use of customs data on FTA utilization in imports, when using certificates of origin data on FTA utilization in exports, there are several points about which we should be careful. Our practical guidance on the computation of FTA utilization rates will be helpful when computing such rates and in examining the determinants of those rates empirically

FTA utilization : certificate of origin data versus customs data

This paper empirically examines what kinds of elements affect the gap in free trade agreement (FTA) utilization with regard to customs data and certificates of origin (CoOs) data. We focus on Thai exports to Korea under the ASEAN-Korea FTA in 2011. As a result, we found that the products with the higher demand volatility or those with a larger number of tariff-line products within the same harmonized system (HS) six-digit code have the larger gap. Another important finding is that the difference between the HS version at the time of the FTA negotiation and the current HS version does not have significant association with the gap. These findings have important implications

LISP Mapping Resolution Impacts on Initiating Bidirection-al End-to-End Communications

In order to solve scalability problems of routing and addressing architec-tures of the current Internet, Locator/ID Separation Protocol (LISP) has been proposed. LISP requires mapping resolutions between a locator and an ID and such resolutions may impact on communications. In this paper, we empirically show its impact on in-itiating end-to-end bidirectional communications based upon actual LISP environment. We then discuss solutions to overcome impacts and imply that Data Probe may be a solution by applying it only to DNS queries, responses, TCP SYN and SYN+ACK

Who Uses FTAs?

It is noted that utilization of AFTA is low by international standards. In order to clarify thereasons for such low utilization, this paper investigates what kinds of Japanese affiliates inASEAN are more likely to use FTAs in their exporting, by employing unique affiliate-level data.Our findings are as follow. First, the larger the affiliate is, or the more diversified itsprocurements’ origins are, the more likely it is to utilize an FTA scheme in its exporting. Second,affiliates exporting actively to developing countries are more likely to use FTAs than thoseexporting to developed countries. Third, there are clear differences in FTA utilization dependingon affiliates’ locations and sectors. These results afford a clue to the reasons for the low FTAutilization in East Asia

Who sends me face masks? Evidence for the impacts of COVID-19 on international trade in medical goods

This study empirically investigates what kinds of countries imported and exported medical products during the COVID-19 pandemic. To that end, we examine the bilateral trade values of medical products traded among 35 reporting countries and 250 partner countries between January and August in both 2019 and 2020. Specifically, we shed light on four kinds of bilateral linkages, including political ties (captured by voting similarity in the United Nations), economic ties (existence of regional trade agreements), demographic ties (numbers of migrants), and geographic ties (geographical distance). Our findings can be summarized as follows. An increase in COVID-19 burden leads to decreases in exports of medical products. However, such a decrease is smaller when exporting to countries with closer political, economic, or geographical ties. In contrast, demographic ties play a key role in the import of personal protective products. Immigrants receive face masks from relatives in their home country when the immigrant’s country of residence is strongly impacted by COVID-19

Digitisation of Weather Records of Seungjeongwon Ilgi: A Historical Weather Dynamics Dataset of the Korean Peninsula (1623-1910)

Introduction This study has exploited the daily weather records of Seungjeongwon Ilgi from the NIKH database (http://sjw.history.go.kr/main.do). Seungjeongwon Ilgi is a daily record of the Seungjeongwon, the Royal Secretariat of the Joseon Dynasty of Korea. These diaries span from 1623 to 1910 and generally involve daily weather records in the entry header. Their observational site would be located in Seoul (N37°35′, E126°59′). We have exploited the weather records from the NIKH database and classified the daily weather using text mining method. We have also converted the report dates from the traditional lunisolar calendar to the Gregorian calendar, to better contextualise our data into the contemporary daily measurements. Data We provide different formats (csv, xlsx, json) to facilitate the usage of data. The main contents of data are listed as below. ID: The unique identifier of a specific record in the metadata, which can also serve as the identifier to merge with external data in the NIKH digital database. Traditional calendar: The original lunar dates in the NIKH digital database, which are listed in data format "YYYY-MM-DD". More specifically, "L0" implies the leap year and "L1" implies the common year. Leap: The identifier of a leap year. Gregorian calendar: The Gregorian calendar date that converted by the traditional calendar date. Weather Text: The text that describe the weather conditions. Specifically, multiple weather descriptions of the same day have been put together. Flag: The computed value that indicates different combinations of weather conditions. Volume: The volume of text in the original record. Herbal Volume: The volume of text in the herbal record. Sunny: A dummy variable that represents whether the weather description contains the expression of sunny. Cloudy: A dummy variable that represents whether the weather description contains the expression of cloudy. Rainy: A dummy variable that represents whether the weather description contains the expression of rainy. Snow: A dummy variable that represents whether the weather description contains the expression of snow. Wind: A dummy variable that represents whether the weather description contains the expression of wind. Import Data # Python # CSV file import pandas as pd data=pd.read_csv('~/SJWilgi_Seoul_Weather_YR1623_1910.csv',encoding="utf-8") # JSON file data=pd.read_json('~/SJWilgi_Seoul_Weather_YR1623_1910.json',encoding="utf-8") # Excel file data=pd.read_excel('~/SJWilgi_Seoul_Weather_YR1623_1910.xlsx') # Excel file # R # CSV file library(readr) data<- read_csv("~/SJWilgi_Seoul_Weather_YR1623_1910.csv") # Excel file library(readxl) data <- read_excel("~/SJWilgi_Seoul_Weather_YR1623_1910.xlsx"

A baseline for non-linear bilateral negotiations: the full results of the agents competing in ANAC 2014

In the past few years, there is a growing interest in automated negotiation in which software agents facilitate negotiation on behalf of their users and try to reach joint agreements. The potential value of developing such mechanisms becomes enormous when negotiation domain is too complex for humans to find agreements (e.g. e-commerce) and when software components need to reach agreements to work together (e.g. web-service composition). Here, one of the major challenges is to design agents that are able to deal with incomplete information about their opponents in negotiation as well as to effectively negotiate on their users’ behalves. To facilitate the research in this field, an automated negotiating agent competition has been organized yearly. This paper introduces the research challenges in Automated Negotiating Agent Competition (ANAC) 2014 and explains the competition set up and results. Furthermore, a detailed analysis of the best performing five agents has been examined

Development and validation of the 25â item Hikikomori Questionnaire (HQâ 25)

Peer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/146508/1/pcn12691_am.pdfhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/146508/2/pcn12691.pd